The Department Of Homeland Security Made Us Safer

Has the Department of Homeland Security Made Us Safer? As one of the greatest power houses in the world, the United States has attempted to keep warfare on foreign soil rather than stateside. Doing so was a lot easier when war was fought between two different countries, but nowadays, the main source of conflict around the world comes from small bands of people who reside, not in one country or place, but spread throughout the world. Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflage utilities and would be carrying their rifles at the ready in case of any contact. Combat has dramatically changed and has made it extremely harder to distinguish enemy from friendly or natural forces. Bombs are created to be worn under cloths, IEDs (or improvised Explosive Devices) are hidden under roadways, and in my opinion, war has become more of a cowardice game hide and seek. This shift in combat strategies has made keeping warfare away from the homeland harder and harder. After the Attacks on the United States on 11 September 2105, the government created the Department of Homeland Security in order to protect our nation from further attacks. The proposal to create the department of Homeland Security was created in the early months of 2002 and officially became an Act of congress later that same year. The department opened its doors and two months later and Tom Ridge, a Pennsylvania Governor, was appointed to be the first director of DHS (the Department of HomelandShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security And The Security1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and a lot of emphasis is being provided so as to ensure the safety of the borders and the citizens of the United States. So one must ponder what the difference between homeland security and homeland defense are since they both tend to meanRead MoreA Method of Terrorist Prevention Essay examples1085 Words   |  5 Pagesacts as the main right in the United States of America. When someone compromises that freedom, decisions are made to protect that right. Several opportunities testing the strength of the nation exist, but these attacks have only increased the passion for freedom and security to protect it. September 11, 2001, was a day when over three thousand people lost their lives due to targeted attacks (â€Å"US Government†). An attack on an area with a significant purpose such as the World Trade Center invades the mindsRead MoreRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words   |  7 Pagesresponse that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible for all anti-terrorism activities to protect our homeland. Government officials and law makers introduced anti-terrorism laws and measures to allow key intelligence and counterterrorism agencies to protect us from terror. Outlining the role of the Department of Homeland Security depicts how this agency was able to coordinate multi agency work to achieve oneRead MoreThe Global Air Transport Industry1515 Words   |  7 Pagestook responsibility for the failed plot. This plot also caused UPS to make their shipping policy tougher then ever to make sure the chances of something like that happening again was slim to none. The changing in the policy had a downside to it, by made it harder for UPS customers to ship their goods On of the most known hijacking plots that took place that change aviation forever was the September 11 attack that was also at the hands of the Al Qaeda terrorist group. The group hijacked four aircraftsRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Act1165 Words   |  5 Pages When one thinks of security, they tend to think of being protected, free from harm or danger. There are various security threats that the world faces today. Threats could range from a series of cyber threats to terrorist attacks. We are incessantly encountered with catastrophic man-made and natural diseases. The Department of Homeland Security measures the nation s vulnerabilities, meaning it takes initiative in leading and evaluating vulnerabilities and coordinating with other federal, state,Read MoreThe Importance Of Homeland Security1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Homeland Security When we think of our jobs as emergency responders, we think of the good days and the bad days, but mostly we just think about the impacts that we have made on so many people’s lives. The job is difficult, and only getting harder as the world continues to become more violent and quite honestly, more unpredictable. Living in the United States is a privilege due to our freedoms and rights that our citizens hold, and people from all over the world strive to becomeRead MoreThe Homeland Security Act Of 20021333 Words   |  6 PagesTHE HOMELAND SECURITY ACT The Homeland Security Act of 2002 Signed into law in 2002 by President George W. Bush, the Homeland Security Act established the Department of Homeland Security to prevent terrorist attacks, minimize any damage to the nation’s citizens, and reduce the country’s vulnerability to terrorism. In response to 9/11, the government, as well as the airline industry, has gone through many changes. As of result of 9/11, the airline industry lost a total of $7.7 billion. This paperRead MoreThe Issue Of Homeland Security1402 Words   |  6 Pages This research paper will shed light on the issue of Homeland Security. For many countries including the United States, Terrorism and national security have always remained one of the biggest challenges. This research essay will critically analyze as to how the homeland security of the United States has dealt with the threat of future terrorist attacks since its inception in 2002. The whole world bears witness to the tragic losses incurred by the September 11, 2001 attacks. After eleven days ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1382 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment’s safety or just there wasting money, time and land. By allowing the government to fund the border many improvements could be made. Border Safety, can create a safer border environment by facing the multiple Issues and Challenges, like illegal Immigration, Drug Enforcement, and cross-border Transportation, and Technological improvements by Homeland security influence the agents, trying to cease these issues. A vast complication that the United States goes through is the huge illegal immigrationRead MoreThe Changes Our Country Has Gone through After 9-111591 Words   |  6 Pageshas been made at the airports. You cannot walk near an airport without seeing security that just didn’t exist before 9/11. I can recall being able to walk all the way to the gate to escort a friend or family member even though I was not flying with them, but that ended very quickly. Of course there were ID checks and metal detectors to go through security, but nowhere near the hassle that it has become today. Congress and President Bush felt something had to be done to increase security at the airports

European Self Reflection

Question: Discuss about the European Self Reflection. Answer: It is important to engage self-reflection on one's experience over a given subject (Bruun, Lammers, Srensen, 2013). We are exposed to various issues in our communities, families, and workplaces. This personal reflection explains my experience on issues facing community development and issues that arise while working as a team in a project. Teamwork promotes creative and critical thinking skills for the members (Littlejohn, Milligan, Margaryan, 2012). I learned that the achievement of project goals by a team has pitfalls since some members are free riders. I noted that when some members of a group are free riders, the project goals and activities get sabotaged. However, with effective collaboration, the team produced reasonable results. What made me happy is how the project manager assigned duties to every member to control free riding. Some team members did not want to share their ideas, never assisted the group to solve conflicts, never listened to colleagues ideas, and let their partners do all their works. I learned that, when some members of the panel get lazy, the project goals cannot get realized. Also, I noted that it is important to share my ideas with the partners so as to make sound decisions about the project success. I was happy of how the project manager emphasized on team work. Personally, I have been working with different teams who come from various communities. In all groups, we have made numerous improvements on how we handle tasks. We have improved our technology by creating a server set up over which ideas about our projects are shared. Unlike the past, we can communicate on one platform and invite different perspectives on how to achieve project results. I learned that the success of a project is both personal and a collective act. Individual team members innovate ideas and share them collectively with the entire group. I observed that once individual ideas get respect from the team, then a collective thought is encouraged. I noted that collective knowledge is supported by virtual interactions amongst the group. In my field work internship, I learned that people from different communities have different social beliefs and norms of life. My project manager informed me that while interviewing community members from various areas on their perceptions of drug abuse, I should approach the people differently (Littlejohn, Milligan, Margaryan, 2012). I noted that the various communities have different opinions on substance abuse due to their cultural beliefs. In respect to drug usage by communities, I have seen the local leaders doing something good to address this matter. From their feedback, I realized that the local government authorities have been organizing anti-drug consumption road shows in the community to educate people on the adverse effects of its use. However, I see for myself people carelessly drinking in bars. I am glad that everyone who we interviewed in the field work gave maximum cooperation and did not frustrate us. I am so proud to be one of the reasons behind this success, and I am assured that every team member was happy about how the entire project was a success. I enjoyed working with the team and the community. References Bruun, L., Lammers, K., Srensen, G. (Eds.). (2013).European Self-reflection Between Politics and Religion: The Crisis of Europe in the 20th Century. Springer. Littlejohn, A., Milligan, C., Margaryan, A. (2012). Charting collective knowledge:Supporting self-regulated learning in the workplace.Journal of Workplace Learning,24(3), 226-238.

Charles Darwin Essays (765 words) - Charles Darwin, Coleopterists

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin was a British scientist who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his views on life development through natural selection. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on February 12, 1809. After graduating from the elite school at Shrewsbury in 1825, Darwin attended the University of Edinburgh where he studied medicine. In 1827 he dropped out and entered the University of Cambridge in preparation for becoming a clergyman of the Church of England. While there, Darwin met two important people in his life: Adam Sedgwick, a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow, a naturalist. After graduating from Cambridge in 1831, the 22-year-old Darwin was taken aboard the English survey ship HMS Beagle, mainly because of Henslow's recommendation, as an unpaid naturalist on an expedition around the world. When the voyage began, Darwin didn't believe that species change through time, but he did believe in two prevailing ideas of the time. The first theory was that the earth was 6,000 years old and had remained unchanged except for the effects of floods and other catastropes. The second was that organisms were designed especially for certain habitats and appeared on the earth in their present form. After reading the works of a noted geologist, Darwin began to change his ideas. He saw evidence that the earth was much older than 6,000 years. In South America, he was witness to an earthquake that lifted the land several feet. He realized that mountains could be built by the action of an earthquake over millions of years. He found fossils of marine mammals high up on mountains, and realized that rocks must have been lifted from the ocean. Darwin also studied plants and animals. On the Galapagos Islands, he found animals that resembled animals on the South American continent, but not exactly the same. He understood that they must have come to the islands from the mainland, and then adapted into new species. He also observed the plant and animal life of South America, oceanic islands, and the Far East. He noted many examples that proved that animals in similar environments didn't always look the same. For example, the emus of Australia and the rheas of South America are two very distinct species, but they live in the same basic kind of habitat. Darwin thought about this, and asked himself the question, if animals were formed for a specific habitat, why would different species be found in habitats that are so similar? After leaving the HMS Beagle and returning to England in 1836, Darwin began recording his ideas about changeability of species in his Notebooks on the Transmutation of Species. Darwin's explanation for how organisms evolved was brought into sharp focus after he read An Essay on the Principle of Population by the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus, who explained how human populations remain in balance. Malthus argued that any increase in the availability of food for human survival couldn't match the rate of population growth. Therefore, the population had to be checked by natural limitations such as famine and disease, or by actions such as war. After studying Malthus's essay, Darwin immediately applied his principles to plant and animal life, and by 1838 he had arrived at his first idea of the theory of evolution through natural selection. For the next twenty years, he worked on his theory and other natural history projects. In 1839, he married his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood, and soon after moved to a small estate, Down House, outside of London. There he and his wife had ten children, three of which died during infancy. Darwin's theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by a young naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace. Friends arranged for the two men to present a paper together before the Linnaean Society of London. On November 24, 1859, an abstract of Darwin's theory was published under the long title of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Darwin's complete theory was published later in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. Commonly referred to as The book that shook the world, the Origin sold out on the first day of publication and subsequently went through six editions. In this book, Darwin presented his idea that species evolve from a more primitive species through the process known as natural selection, which works spontaneously in nature. Darwin pointed out in his account of how natural selection occurs, known as Darwinism, that not all individuals

Hans Bellmer Essays

Hans Bellmer Essays Hans Bellmer Essay Hans Bellmer Essay 1 The Message of Hans Bellmers Dolls The dolls that Hans Bellmer constructed and photographed during the 1930s remain disturbing and controversial to this day. Although his work is well known for its iconic and conceptual ideals connecting with surrealists and Dadaists at the time, his work deliver a strong relationship to the cruel social and political conditions that were occurring inside Nazi Germany. It was only fitting that the birth of Hans Bellmers girl- doll collection came about at the same time as the rise of Hitler and the Third Reich. These dolls were constructed in response to the rise if fascism in Germany. These images were an attack on the typical Nazi art and aimed to rebel against the ideal female body and gender construction. I believe that Bellmer wanted to redefine, expose and overturn how gender and sexuality was critiqued in Nazi Germany, while also expressing some internal anxieties on his own. In the year 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. It was at this time that Bellmer gave up all work that might contribute to the government. During this time is went he produced a body of work that would receive a critical response from its viewers. He constructed his series f doll in his response to his thought that if the origin if my work is scandalous, it is because for me, the world is a scandal. Although the society in which he lived in did play a large role in the constructions of these dolls, and scene of this father role and identity connecting to (his) a farther fgure did come about in some of his works. In the article by Taylor, he goes into detail about the meaning behind the work of Bellmers dolls. : He points out that much of where he starts from portrays an ideal that much of his works involving dolls, toys, and games derive from this childhood anxiety. Bellmer stated, mies, my dolls were the beginning. Obviously there was a convulsive flavor to them because they reflected my anxiety and unhappiness. He later on went to say that idea these dolls were representational to the thought of rejecting his adult life and the attempt to return to his childhood that became this erotic liberation for him. Bellmer constructed two series of dolls that imaged that of adolescent girls. These were modeled assuming various poses in different settings that were then photographed to create a complex narrative. These dolls are staged in unsettling scenes and alternate orderings of the female body. The contrast between the realistic body parts being organized in unnatural way, in everyday day environments is what made these so strange. These physical permutations, multiplications of limbs and fragmented parts, many be viewed as a complication of male anxiety, as well as male fantasies or erotic domination and control. In one of the paintings in Die Puppe (1934), Bellmer incorporates objects from a nursery or playroom such as the marble, puppet, and cigar box. The riveting of the marbles spiral intrigues him, almost as if they were, what he referred to as the frozen cstasy. In this piece Bellmer incorporates the marble in to the piece as a sign of tension that have these supernatural powers that are within this glass globe. This scene depicts a leg in a black boot, breasts misplaced, and head detached, as it 2warps its thigh around the oversized marble, creating the thought of intercourse or pleasure is taking place. On the reverse side of this painting, Die Glasmurmel foreground. This multicolored object is featured many of times in the Memories of the Doll Theme. It can be said that the connection between both of these paintings s the use of the marble, creating this thought of frozen ecstasy that can clearly be viewed in both. A certain theme of childhood and detachment has surrounded the though t behind most of the work that he had done. In another work that was published in Die Puppe (1934), Bellmer presents a dolls detached legs, with a white rose emerging from where the two legs meet. He then positions a womans high- heeled shoe; extending forward to almost look as if it is symbolizes female genitals. It is clear that this is not a accurate representation of a woman, about a woman, or femininity. It is about the underlining message of most of he work is about, this masculine anxieties that are inspired by the female sex. Frued goes on to explain Bellemers work and locates the anxiety that produces the conflict of the fetish. The fear comes from the thought the young child who feels detachment and densification towards his mother, because she no longer has her genitals. The anxiety that builds throughout these works is not fear of castration but fear but rather fear of separation. There is also a strong sense of insecurity and alienation Bellmers personal, financial, and political life that come forth. Much of Freuds insight allowed us to se Bellmers devotion to dolls in a different light. This was a lifelong profession of farther hatred and anxiety producing homosexual desires. These dolls were inspired by Bellmers attraction to his mothers sisters daughter, whom he viewed as an object. The dolls represent the chain of female relations that he has towards this attraction and then the possession that his farther has over all of it. This is why his feminine identification with dolls and the female body is so prominent throughout this career. Bellmers dolls also have a nightmare like quality to them. In one particular photograph of The Doll (1935), he shows a struggling, naked woman hanging from a tree and in the back ground what appears to be a shadow of a man. One can ask is this photo about rape or is this about something more complex. All of the dolls in which he constructed had this feeling of hurt and but their attacker is never revealed. This leads the viewed to think question where this person is that is causing these figures such harm and more importantly why they are in the positions that they are. In much of Bellemers later work Frued goes on to point out the onnection between his childhood and his detachment between his father and the society of the Nazi Germany world that surrounds them. Bellmers girl-doll collections were used to not only express the way in which he thought that the government was acting at the time, but also a way to express this internal fantasies. These images were an attack on the typical Nazi art and aimed to rebel against the ideal female body and gender construction. Hans Bellmer wanted to redefine, expose and overturn how gender and sexuality was critiqued in Nazi Germany, and while doing so he also expressed the internal anxieties on his own.

Translational Review and evidence based practice Essay

Translational Review and evidence based practice - Essay Example on "Why is there not a uniform nurse-patient ratio in all the states of the U.S.?† could be investigated using the third approach to translational research, namely Implementation and Testing of Systems Change. Today, there exist several healthcare practices that are based on research-driven evidence for many conditions that include diabetes, asthma and cardiac failure(Titler, 2011). Unfortunately, the implementation of these practices is inconsistent, andvariations in practice are common. In the past, research into patient safety has tended to overemphasize the collection and analysis od data which is then used to demonstrate that there are better ways to ensure patient safety. Not much research has been undertaken on how to implement those findings. Putting into practice evidence from research is an uphill task that requires continued collaboration among various players in healthcare provision. These include government agencies, healthcare providers and individual practitioners among other actors. Recently, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed a conceptual framework for ensuring that research findings are translated into practice as much as possible and also in the shortest time possible(Titler , 2011). The approach of implementation and testing of systems change incorporates ideas and concepts from several disciplines that include scientific transfer of knowledge, organizational innovation, social marketing and behaviour change. The framework is presented as a series of steps, in practice, however, the process of knowledge transfer is never a linear process. Rather, it is a back-and-forth process in which information is shared between researchers, regulators and practitioners. The process of putting into practice the findings of the research arising out of the above question will entail several stages(Titler , 2011). The first step will entail collecting data from a sample of health facilities across the country. The respondents in

Social Capital on Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Capital on Facebook - Essay Example The book, Democracy in America, was written by Alexis de Tocqueville and had played significant role in the modern society of America. Tocqueville, a social scientist, had educated American audience to discern systematic studies of the relationship of democracy and civil society. The freedom enclosed in the concept of democracy extends up to the privilege of expression of the individuals. Freedom of expression is now being played up and exploited being the selling point of the social networking sites. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, two of the most famous social network, allowed their users to express and document every thoughts and activities of one’s own account. This privilege suddenly made Facebook a non-virtual consort place and pool of information, and sometimes of misinterpretation. With this fact in mind, it’s a marvel with what advantages and downsides that awaits in the society that social networking had brought in. Social Capital. Robert Putnam, author of the book Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993) was able to expound the connection of social network to social capital. During an interview with Putnam, he had stated that â€Å"the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions are indeed powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement.†... This was primarily designed to be used in Harvard University, to know each other better. (Carlson 2011) In 2007, a study of The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites had cited Putnam’s distinction between bridging and bonding social capital. An excerpt of the study to purposely explain is below: The former is linked to what network researchers refer to as "weak ties," which are loose connections between individuals who may provide useful information or new perspectives for one another but typically not emotional support (Granovetter, 1982). Alternatively, bonding social capital is found between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationships, such as family and close friends. After briefly describing the extant literature on these two forms of social capital and the Internet, we introduce an additional dimension of social capital that speaks to the ability to maintain valuable connections as one pro gresses through life changes. This concept, "maintained social capital," permits us to explore whether online network tools enable individuals to keep in touch with a social network after physically disconnecting from it. True to its film counterpart, The Social Network (2010), Facebook’s surprising fame seems to imply a persistent and startling necessity for even the closest â€Å"connection† in the broad network many times less socialized, linked and shared than the one in which our parents and grandparents grew up. However, universality is not much of an index, especially when the product at hand is absolutely free. (Atkinson 2011) Influence. Putnam had explained â€Å"that social connections and civic engagement pervasively influence our public

Road to Independence Notes Essay Example for Free

Road to Independence Notes Essay People are reconsidering the policy of colonialism. 1. After WWII, people questioned whether dictatorship was a good idea. 2. â€Å"All nations should be free from the power of other nations. † 3. Keeping colonies had a high cost. It wasn’t worth it. 4. Colonized people pressed harder for freedom. Ex: British-held India II. A Movement Toward Independence A. The Indian’s strive to freedom intensifies. 1. British had power over India for 2 centuries. 2. Britain drafted Indians into WWII in 1939 without the consent of the the colony’s representatives. . Gandhi launched civil disobedience and many who followed were arrested. 4. To gain favor of the Indians, Britain promised government changes after WWII, but didn’t offer freedom. B. Besides colonialism, India struggles with internal conflict. 1. They have religious disagreements. 350 million Hindus 100 million Muslims 2. The Congress Party (aka Indian National Congress: India’s national political party) was made up mostly of Hindus, and a few Muslims. C. The Muslim League is created. 1. The Muslim League (1906) is the organization against the mostly Hindu Congress Party, aimed to protect Muslim interest. . (The leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah asked all Muslims to leave the Congress party. He would not accept independence from Britain if it meant staying under Hindu rule. III. Freedom Brings Turmoil A. The decision of who receives power is being made. 1. The British lost much wealth after WWII, and was ready to turn over their power, since keeping up with colonies was cos tly. 2. The power will either be given to Hindus or Muslims. B. Muslims resisted Hindu domination. 1. Rioting broke out and in 1946, there were 20,000 casualties in a 4 day clash in Calcutta. C. Pakistan was created. 1. To maintain peace, Britain decided to partition (division of Indian religions into separate nations; idea first brought up by Muslims) India. 2. North western and eastern part of India became Pakistan which was dominated by Muslims. D. Everything in India was being divided. 1. British granted India and Pakistan a month of independence in July 16, 1947. 2. Princes had to decide which nation they’d join. 3. The civil service (courts, military, railways, police) was divided. 4. The differing religions had to decide where to go. E. One million people died during the move to their new nation. 1. Muslims killed Sikhs moving to India. 2. Sikhs and Hindus killed Muslims going to Pakistan. 3. Gandhi went to the Indian capital (Delhi) to ask for mercy, but was killed by a hindu extremist in January 30, 1948. F. Hindus and Muslims fight for Kashmir. 1. Kashmir is at the northern point of India next to Pakistan. 2. It had a Hindu ruler, but the majority of people living there was Muslim. 3. Fighting continued until UN arranged cease-fire in 1949. 4. One-third went to Pakistan (Muslims) and the rest to India (Hindus). IV. Modern India A. India has become the world’s largest democracy. 1. India gained independence in August 15, 1947. 2. Jawaharlal Nehru (the independent nation’s first prime minister) addressed India’s freedom. B. Nehru is the leader. 1. He served the first 17 years of India’s independence as leader. 2. He was a devoted follower of Gandhi. 3. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization, and became very popular with all Indian groups. C. Nehru pushed India forward. 1. He led newly independent nations into making alliances with other non aligned nations. 2. He reorganized the states by language and pushed for industrialization and social reform. 3. He raised the status of those in lower class (lower castes and women). D. A new leader came. 1. Nehru died in 1964. 2. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister in 1966, left office, and was re elected in 1980. E. Challenges set on Indira caused more violent acts and death. 1. Sikh extremists wanted an independent state. 2. The Golden Temple was the Sikh’s religious center. 3. The Sikhs attacked symbols of Indian authority, so Indians troops overran the Golden Temple, killing 500 Sikhs and destroying sacred property. 4. Indira was gunned down by Sikh bodyguards and another murder spree occurred, killing thousands of Sikhs. . Indira’s son, Rajiv, became prime minister, but lost power because of corruption. He was then killed. F. Atal Bihari Vajpayee faced problems. 1. The leader of the nationalist party of India, Vajpayee, faced challenges of overpopulation and strife among religions. 2. The struggle between India and Pakistan was bad, now that they became nucle ar powers. India exploded a nuclear device in 1974. For 24 years, India improved nuclear capability in private. In 1998, 5 nuclear tests were conducted. Pakistanis also showed they had nuclear capabilities. The nuclear weapons of both rival groups became an international concern, especially because of Hindus and Muslims continuous struggle over Kashmir. V. Pakistan Copes with Freedom A. Pakistan was already very turbulent and had differences between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. B. The two regions of Pakistan struggled with each other. 1. A tidal wave hit East Pakistan and killed 266,000 residents in 1970, calling for international aid that West Pakistan was not eager in giving. 2. East Pakistan protested and called to end all ties with West Pakistan. C. Pakistan undergoes its own partition. 1. On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. 2. Civil war broke out. Indians sided with Bangladesh and Pakistan surrendered. 3. 1 million people died. 4. One-seventh of area and one-half of the population in Pakistan was lost. D. Pakistan is instable. 1. After the death of the first governor general of India, the nation had no strong leader and went through many military coups. First in 1958 by Ali Bhutto Second in 1977 by General Zia Third Benazir Bhutto, Ali’s daughter, became prime minister. Fourth, Sharif in 1997. VI. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle A. Bangladesh faces many problems. 1. War brought economic and communication issues in Bangladesh. 2. Sheik Mujibur Rahman became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. Interested more in power than making reparations 3. Bangladesh tries to become democratic and fraud and corruption was common. Recently, it has been more stable and Begum Khaleda Zia became prime minister in 2001. 4. Natural disasters were troublesome. Bangladesh (low-lying) is subject to cyclones, tidal waves, massive storms which floods lands, ruins crops, takes lives, and homes. 5. Rapid growth in population put stress on the economy. B. There is civil strife in Sri Lanka. . Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus make up the two main groups in Sri Lanka. 2. Tamils wanted to become a separate Tamil nation and violence occurred in order to do so. Rajiv Gandhi and the president on Sri Lanka made an agreement that called Indian troops to disarm Tamil rebels. A civil war between Tamils and Sri Lankans still exists. New Nations in Africa: Chapter 34 Section 3 I. Setting the Stage A. Africa was also a nation victim to colonization. B. Like India, they were unwilling to return to colonization after WWII, so they also won their independence and went on to creating new African nations. II. Achieving Independence A. A movement is made for Black Heritage. 1. The French-speaking Africans and West Indians grew pride for traditional Africa. 2. The Negritude movement (movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values) was formed. B. WWII changed the views of colonies and colonizers, which helped Africa gain independence from 1950s-1960s. 1. The African joined Europeans in WWII to defend freedom, and were unwilling to return to colonization. 2. The European colonizers developed morale and wondered whether it was a good idea to still hold colonies. In addition to morale, maintaining colonies was costly and wasn’t viewed as something worth losing money for. C. Africa achieved independence in a unique way. 1. Unlike other colonized areas that pushed for independence, Africa was colonized indirectly and directly. Those who were ruled indirectly were able to enjoy limited self-rule and were ruled by local officials. They achieved independence more easily. Those ruled directly were governed at all levels by foreigners and did not have any self rule. To get independence, they had to fight wars. D. Africa struggled even after they gained their independence. . They had to start from scratch: creating a new gov. , and establishing postcolonial economy. 2. Internal conflicts made it hard create stable nations. When colonized by Europeans, Africa was separated by random and many tribes who shared the same culture were divided and enclosed with rival groups, causing violence. III. Ghana Leads the Way A. The Gold Coast, a British col ony, achieves full independence. 1. The Gold Coast (South of the Sahara) achieved independence, so British allowed for Africans to be nominated for legislative council. 2. However, they wanted full freedom and created a group. . Kwame Nkrumah (leader of the nonviolent group) organized strikes and boycotts, and was also imprisoned many times, (starting in 1947) eventually being able to liberate the Gold Coast from the British government. B. Good intentions called for opposition against Nkrumah. 1. The Gold Coast became Ghana (from the Ghana Kingdom of Africa) after it received its independence in 1957. 2. Nkrumah, the first prime-minister and president for life, pushed for industrialization by building new roads, schools, and health facilities. 3. His programs were too costly, and people began to oppose him. C. Ghana still continues to struggle. 1. Nkrumah was criticized for neglecting economic issues. 2. When in China (1966) he was replaced by the police and army in Ghana. 3. The power shifts between civilian and military rule, and Ghana struggles economically. 4. 2000 marks the first open election in Ghana. IV. Fighting for Freedom A. The British is forced to allow Kenyan self-government. 1. The British were unwilling to give Kenyans independence because they’ve taken over prized farmland in the northern highlands of Kenya. 2. The Kenyans had 2 developments which forced British to surrender. Jomo Kenyatta’s (Kenyan nationalist) strong leadership. The Mau Mau, a secret society of mostly native Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British people. B. The Mau Mau fight for independence. 1. Guerilla tactics were used to push out the British from the highlands. 2. Kenyatta had no connection to the Mau Mau but did not stop them from fighting for their freedom. 3. Kenyatta was imprisoned for about a decade. 4. Kenya was granted independence in 1963, however, 10,00 Africans and 100 settlers died. C. After gaining independence, Kenya still faced some struggles from poor leadership. 1. Kenyatta became the president and worked to reunite various groups in his nation, but he died in 1978. 2. He was succeeded by a weak leader, Daniel arap Moi. 3. Under Moi’s leadership was opposition to his one-party rule, corruption, and conflicts between ethnicities killing hundreds and making thousands homeless. 4. He left office in 2002, and a new party gained power through elections. D. Algeria wins independence through battle. 1. Algeria had a population of 1 million French and 9 million Arabs and Berber Muslims. 2. French did not want to share political power with the natives even after WWII. . The FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) would fight for freedom, and upon hearing this, the French sent half a million troops to fight the FLN. 4. The FLN won and gained independence in July 1962. E. Uncertainty within Algeria calls for civil war. 1. The FLN leader, Ahmed Ben Bella, becomes president and attempts to make Algeria follow socialism, but is overthrown. 2. From 19 65-1988, Algeria tried to modernize, but failed. Religious fundamentalists wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state because they were dissatisfied with the current government and high unemployment rates. 3. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections in 1990 and 1991, but the government and army refused the results. 4. Civil war broke out between Islamic militants and the government, and goes on and off until this day. V. Civil War in Congo and Angola A. The people of Congo were unprepared for independence, and it led to turmoil. 1. Belgians colonized and plundered Congo taking all its riches and resources such as rubber and copper. 2. They gave no social services to the natives of Congo, and did not prepare them for independence. 3. They granted Congo (aka Zaire from 1971-1997) independence in 1960, which cause upheaval, and civil war. B. Congo goes through two leaders. 1. Years of civil war sprung up, and Mobutu Sese Seko (aka Colonel Joseph Mobutu) seized power in 1965. He renamed Congo to Zaire and ruled it for 32 years. He held control over Zaire with force, one-party rule, and bribing supporters with gifts. He withstood rebellions. 2. In 1997, he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila (rebel leader). Zaire was renamed The Democratic Republic of Congo. C. Kabila wasn’t the leader people hoped for, and a new leader rises. 1. He became president and promised a democracy, but never delivered it. 2. Civil war broke out again, and rebel groups wanted to overthrow Kabila. . He was assassinated by a bodyguard in 2001. 4. Joseph Kabila, his son, took power and pushed for peace. 5. Rebels stopped rebelling in 2002 in hope that the peace may come. D. Angola (South West of Congo) fought for independence. 1. Angola was ruled by the Portuguese who were unwilling to let go of their colony. 2. An independence movement broke out and Portugal sent 50,000 troops to end it, which wiped out half of Portugal’s budget. 3. The cost of war and the war’s opposition in Portugal called for them to withdraw from Angola in 1975. E. Civil war broke out in Angola. 1. Angola became a new nation, and the MPLA (Communist leaning â€Å"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola†) declared itself as the government. 2. Rebel groups fought against the government for power. 3. 50,000 Cuban troops and Soviet Union supported the MPLA. 4. South Africa and the U. S. supported the UNITA (the major opposition to the MPLA; â€Å"National Union for the Total Independence of Angola†) 5. The MPLA and UNITA abandoned many cease-fire agreements, but in 2002, a peace accord was agreed to and the civil war ended. Conflicts in the Middle East: Chapter 34 Section 4 I. Setting the Stage A. By the end of WWII, Jewish finally gained its own state, which proved to have bad consequences. 1. The Jewish gained a state that was located by the Mediterranean Sea. 2. It consisted of mostly Arabs who rejected the creation of a Jewish state. 3. Palestinians claimed Jewish states to be theirs, therefore opposing Jewish states. 4. Wars were fought between Jews and Arabs, and Jews and Palestinians. II. Israel Becomes a State A. Palestinians, Jews, and Arabs all claim the same lands (Israel, West Bank, and the Gaza Strip in modern day Palestine). 1. Jews’ reason: 3,000 before, Jewish Kings ruled the lands from Jerusalem. . Palestinians’ reason: land was theirs since Jewish exile on A. D. 135. 3. Arabs’ reason: their conquest of the lands in the 7th century (600s). B. The Jews wanted to return to Palestine and gain a Jewish state centuries after their exile. 1. The Jewish were unable to gain their own state after their exile, and dispersed around the world (Diaspor a). 2. Zionists (people who favored a Jewish state in Palestine) started returning to their homeland during the 19th and 20th centuries (1800s-1900s). C. A British idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine cause sparks between the Jews and Palestinians. 1. The British directed Palestine (League of Nations’ commands) as a result of the loss of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in WWI. 2. Many Jews were in Palestine, and pressed for their own nation. 3. Palestinians opposed the idea, so when Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour of Britain proposed creating a Jewish state while keeping the rights of non-Jewish communities (Balfour Declaration) and the plan failed, tensions rose between Palestinians and Jews. D. The U. S. and many European nations felt sympathy towards the Jews, who were targeted in the Holocaust, so they devised a plan that would give Jews what they desired. 1. The UN General Assembly voted for partition in Palestine, one part being a Palestinian state, the other being a Jewish state, and Jerusalem being an international city owned by no one. 2. The Jews made up 34% of the population but gained 55% of the land. E. The partition was set, although Muslims and Palestines rejected it. 1. â€Å"The UN has no right to make such a proposal without first consulting the majority who will be affected by it. †- Muslims and Palestinians. 2. David Ben Gurion (leader of Jews in Palestine) announced that the independent nation of Israel was formed on May 14, 1948. III. Israel and Arab States in Conflict A. War broke out between Israeli and Arab states. 1. The first one (won by Israel) was a day before Israel became a nation, where Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi, Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel. B. The partition wasn’t fully effective because of fighting. 1. Israel seized half of Palestine in 1948-1949. 2. 600,000 Palestinians left to nearby UN sponsored refugee camps. 3. Arabs also seized Palestinian lands. C. War broke out in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. 1. Egypt seized the Suez Canal. 2. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egyptian president) sent troops to seized the canal controlled by British because he was angry that the U. S. and British stopped financially supporting Egypt’s Aswan Dam. 3. Britain formed an alliance with France and israel to regain the Suez canal. 4. Israel defeated the Egyptians using air support of their European allies. 5. The war ended when the U. S. and Soviets forced Israel and Europeans out of Egypt, ultimately giving Egypt the Suez Canal by the end of the Suez Crisis. D. Another war broke out in 1967, called the Six-Day War. 1. Nasser and Arab allies, equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft were ready to confront Israel and close off Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba. 2. Israelis knew Arabs would attack, so the struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria, and ground forces defeated Arab states in this Six-Day War. 4. Israelis gained the lands around them (Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, The Golden Heights, and the West Bank). 5. They served as buffers for future attacks. 6. Palestinians living in Jerusalem chose Jordanian citizenship, and others not living in Jerusalem went other Jewish control. E. A fourth War broke out in October 1973, called the Yom Kippur War. 1. Anwar Sadat,(Egyptian president who succeeded Nasser) planned an Arab attack on Israel during Yom Kippur. . Sadat was able to reconquer land lost in the Six-Day War. 3. Golda Meir (prime minister of Israel during the Yom Kippur War) counterattacked and regained most the land. 4. After weeks of fighting, a truce was declared. F. Palestinians pushed for recognition and its own state. 1. The UN had given Palestinians its own state during the partition, but the land given was seized by Is raelis during their vast amount of wars. 2. The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was organized by Palestinian officials in 1964, and initially consisted mostly of social workers, like teachers, lawyers. 3. Guerilla fighters then dominated the PLO and insisted that to get what they want, it needs to be done by means of struggle. 4. Yasir Arafat became PLO’s chairman in 1969 and carried out attacks on Israel, which was supported by Arabs, since they were able to operate on Arab land. IV. Efforts at peace A. An attempt of peace was made by Anwar Sadat. 1. In 1977, he declared that Israeli parliament (Knesset) and Arabs make peace, with the terms that Israel returns the land they took in the Six-Day War and recognize Palestinian rights. B. An agreement is reached between the Israel and Arab country. 1. President Carter invited Anwar and the Israeli prime minister, Menachem Begin, to a presidential retreat, Camp David, Maryland, 2. There, Begin and Sadat negotiated, and finally in 1979, Carter announced that Egypt recognized the Israeli state and Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula, in an agreement called the Camp David Accords. C. Peace was maintained even after Anwar’s assassination. 1. Muslim extremists were enraged at his plan for peace, and killed him. 2. Hosni Mubarak maintained the peace. D. Tensions increased between Israelis and Palestinians. 1. The military of PLO intensified its armed struggle with Israel during the 1970s-1980s. . Israel responded by bombing bases of Palestinian towns and invading neighboring countries such as Lebanon, to destroy Palestinian strongholds. 3. Israel became involved in the Lebanon civil war and was forced to withdraw. 4. Palestinians showed their frustration with civil disobedience (using boycotts, attacks on Israeli soldiers, demonst rations, and rock throwing) called intifada (uprising) in 1987. 5. This put global pressure on Israel, which forced them to organize peace talks with Israeli and Palestinian delegates on October 1991. E. The peace talks made little progress, so a new document was made. . Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced an agreement called the Oslo Peace Accords (Declaration of Principles), which stated that Palestinians have self-rule in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, beginning with the town of Jericho. 2. The agreement was signed on September 13, 1993 by the Israeli prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, and Arafat. F. The agreement was hard to work out. 1. A Jewish extremist, who opposed concessions to Palestinians, assassinated Rabin in 1995. 2. He was succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu, who also opposed the Oslo Accords, but was willing to keep to the agreement. . He met with Arafat in 1997 to discuss Israeli partial withdrawal from the West Bank. V. Peace Slips Away A. The peace agreement is stalled. 1. Prime Minister Ehud Barak (1999) supported the peace plan more t han Netanyahu. 2. (2000) Bill Clinton hosted a summit meeting between Ehud Barak and Arafat in Camp David, but they couldn’t reach a compromise. B. A second intifada was launched. 1. An Israeli political leader, Ariel Sharon, visited the Dome of the Rock, a reverend place for Muslims. 2. Muslims were outraged and broke out a new intifada. 3. The second intifada was much like the first one, but instead, included suicide bombers which called for more bloodshed. 4. The Israelis responded by bombing possible Palestinian refugee camps, where extremist could be hiding. They also bombed Arafat’s headquarters. C. Peace seems far from being reached. 1. Ariel Sharon became the prime minister of Israel in 2001, and refused to negotiate with the Palestinians if the attacks of suicide bomber continued. 2. Israeli officials declared to no longer meet with Arafat, who had strained relations with many Israeli leaders. D. A solution for peace is being worked on. 1. Arafat agreed to lessen his involvement in peace talks, and the first prime minister of the PLO, Mahmoud Abbas, was appointed in 2003. 2. George W. Bush brought together Sharon and Abbas to work on a peace plan called the â€Å"road map. † E. Sharon and Abbas are willing to find a solution. 1. Sharon declared that he looks for the day when Palestinians can govern themselves in their own state. 2. Abbas declares that the goal was for Israel and Palestine to live side-by-side in peace and security. Central Asian Struggles: Chapter 34 Section 5 I. Setting the Stage A. The region of Central Asia changes throughout history because it has been invaded by many powerful groups (Mongols, Byzantines, Ottomans, and the rulers of the Soviet Union. B. The people of this region still tried to keep its culture, and longed to create their own nations. 1. It was made possible with the fall of the Soviets Union. C. They were faced with challenges in making strong independent nations. II. Freedom Brings New Challenges A. Two geographic areas are made. 1. The Soviet Union fell in 1991. 2. Their republics in the south became 15 independent nations which were split into two geographic areas. 3. Transcaucasian Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) lies between the Black and Caspian seas, on the Caucasus Mountains. 4. Central Asian Republics (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan) lies east of the Caspian sea and extends to the Tian Shan and Pamir mountains. B. These independent nations deeply depended on the Soviet Union for economic help, so they could not be independent. C. The Soviets made economic practices which weakened these nations’ economy. 1. Eg: The Soviets made Central Asian Republics available farms grow cotton, and having only a single crop made the economy unbalanced. D. Azerbaijan can receive income through its richness in oil, because of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are still tapping into their oil reserves. E. Ethnic and religious differences causes conflict. F. With the fall of the Soviet Union, who prevented the nations from fighting because of the ironfist rule, the ethnic groups began to battle. 1. Eg: Azerbaijan (Muslim country), which surrounded Nagorno-Karabakh (Armenian Christians), battled the Armenians during 1991-1994 when the Armenians pushed to be a new independent nation. III. Afghanistan and the World A. Afghanistan (mostly Muslim nation), which is the least developed country (it was inhabited by farmers or herders), surprised the world with war against the Soviet Union and U. S. B. Afghanistan had many struggles already. 1. Russia wanted Afghanistan because it was near the Indian Ocean 2. British wanted to protect the northern border of its Indian Empire with Afghanistan’s land, eventually fighting 3 wars prior to 1919. C. Afghanistan tries to modernize. 1. In 1919, Afghanistan declared itself a new independent nation, setting up a monarchy. 2. In 1964, reforms and a switch to a democratic government was proposed. . Officials could not agree on reforms, and people people were not interested in the Afghanistan government, so the proposals did not carry out. D. Communism starts to influence Afghanistan. 1. Afghanistan became stable enough to have ties with the U. S. and Soviet Union. 2. They were nonaligned during the Cold War and received support from both sides. 3. They were closely situated with the Soviets. 4. Military leaders overthrew the government in 1973 and rival groups who had close ties with Soviet communists seized power in 1978. 5. Communism conflicted with Islamic teachings. E. The Afghanis stayed loyal to their religion and did not fall to communism. 1. Those who believed that communism conflicted with Islamic teachings formed a group called Mujahideen, who freely fought and rebelled against the government supported by the Soviets. 2. The Soviets heard about this and tried to conquer Afghanistan in 1979-1980 as a new nation in its communist empire. 3. Afghanistan was supported by the U. S. and used guerilla warfare and their knowledge of the terrain to their advantage. 4. In a bloody 10 year war, the Soviets withdrew, and Afghanistan won. F. With the Soviets gone, rebels groups fought for power, and the victor was the Taliban. 1. They were a conservative Islamic group who were controlled 90% of the country by 1998. 2. They turned out to be Islamic Extremists who made strict rules that controlled every aspect of life (woman could not have jobs or go to school, you couldn’t listen to music or watch TV) and punished those who did not listen (severe beating, amputation, and execution). G. The Taliban played a major role in terrorism. 1. They allowed terrorists to train in Afghanistan. 2. They provided refuge to the al-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden. 3. After September 11, the Taliban was asked to give up Osama Bin Laden, but they refused. 4. The U. S. bombed Taliban air defense, airfields, and command centers. 5. The Northern Alliance (anti-Taliban force) was supported by the U. S. and finally was able to overthrow the Taliban. H. Hamid Karzai, the selected leader after the overthrow of the Taliban, would find it hard to stabilize a nation who has been under decades of warfare, and he would also find it difficult to unite a nation with 12 different ethnic groups.